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Cyprus’s Prehistoric and Neolithic Periods

Cyprus’s Prehistoric and Neolithic Periods

Long before the ancient Greeks built their temples or the Romans laid their mosaics, Cyprus was home to some of the Mediterranean's earliest farming communities. These prehistoric pioneers built villages, grew crops, and created a culture that would lay the foundation for thousands of years of Cypriot civilization. The Island's First Settlers Cyprus's prehistoric story begins over 11,000 years ago when the island's landscape looked dramatically different from today. The first humans to arrive found a land inhabited by pygmy hippos and dwarf elephants - miniature versions of their mainland cousins that had evolved in isolation on the island. These early settlers were hunter-gatherers who eventually gave way to organized farming communities. By around 7000 BCE, Cyprus had developed a full Neolithic (New Stone Age) culture with permanent villages, domesticated animals, and agricultural fields. These weren't primitive camps but sophisticated settlements with stone architecture, communal planning, and complex social structures. The island's prehistoric inhabitants created a distinctive way of life that would influence Cypriot culture for millennia to come. From Ice Age Hunters to Stone Age Farmers The earliest evidence of human presence on Cyprus comes from a coastal rock shelter called Aetokremnos, dating to around 9500 BCE. Here, archaeologists found thousands of burned bones from Cyprus's now-extinct dwarf hippos - 74% of all the animal remains at the site.…

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Kalopanayiotis Village, Cyprus

Kalopanayiotis Village, Cyprus

Kalopanayiotis is a mountain village located in the Nicosia District, approximately 70 kilometers from both Nicosia and Limassol. The settlement lies on the eastern bank of the Setrachos River in the Marathasa Valley at an altitude of around 700 meters within the Troodos Mountains region. The village is one of the first settlements encountered when entering the Marathasa Valley from the direction of Nicosia. Its name is generally linked to “kalo” (meaning good or beautiful in Greek) combined with a personal or religious name, although its exact linguistic origin remains subject to interpretation. Historical Background Archaeological and historical references suggest that the Kalopanayiotis area was known in antiquity for its natural mineral springs, particularly sulfur-rich waters emerging along the Setrachos River. These natural resources contributed to early settlement activity and seasonal use of the area. During antiquity, the region formed part of the territory associated with the ancient kingdom of Soli. Historical sources indicate that natural springs in mountainous areas of Cyprus were often used for therapeutic bathing practices, a tradition that continued into the Roman and Byzantine periods. The site is also linked to the remains of an ancient healing center, commonly referred to in historical studies as an Asclepieion, a type of sanctuary where water-based treatments were combined with ritual practices in the Greco-Roman world. Such centers were…

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Büyük Han Nicosia Ottoman Caravanserai

Büyük Han Nicosia Ottoman Caravanserai

In the center of the Turkish-occupied part of Nicosia’s Old City stands a building that has had many lives. It has been a merchant’s inn, a prison, a home for displaced families, and today it is a lively cultural center. Built in 1572, just two years after the Ottomans took over Cyprus, Büyük Han is the largest and best example of caravanserai architecture on the island. The building is almost square, measuring 50.67 by 45.25 meters, and has 68 rooms on two floors arranged around a central courtyard. It was originally built for traveling merchants and traders who connected Cyprus with Anatolia, the Levant, and beyond. Büyük Han is considered one of the best surviving examples of Ottoman architecture in Cyprus and has been a protected monument since its restoration in the 1990s. The History Behind the Great Inn Büyük Han was built in 1572 under Muzaffer Pasha, the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus. Some sources say it might have been completed by his successor, Sinan Pasha, because Muzaffer Pasha was reassigned shortly after the island was taken. Muzaffer Pasha brought an architect from Constantinople named Bostan, who may have designed Büyük Han. The design was based on the Koza Han in Bursa, Turkey, a famous Ottoman caravanserai. It has a central courtyard and fortified elements, with open arcades to…

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