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Besparmak Mountains

Besparmak Mountains

The Besparmak Mountains stretch like a limestone backbone along the northern coast of Cyprus, parallel to the Mediterranean for approximately 160 kilometers. Known also as the Kyrenia Mountains or Pentadaktylos, this narrow ridge rises abruptly from the coastal plain to create one of the island's most dramatic landscapes. The name Besparmak translates to five fingers in Turkish, referring to a distinctive peak that resembles an outstretched hand. Ancient Limestone from the Mesozoic Era The range consists primarily of hard crystalline limestone with some dolomite and marble formations dating to the Mesozoic period, formed between 250 and 65 million years ago beneath ancient seas. Unlike the volcanic Troodos Mountains in southern Cyprus, this northern range represents sedimentary formations from the Permian to Middle Miocene periods, pushed upward by collision of African and Eurasian tectonic plates. The highest peak, Mount Selvili Tepe, reaches 1,024 meters near Lapta. While only half the height of Troodos, the Kyrenia Mountains appear more imposing because they rise suddenly from the flat Mesaoria plain. The porous limestone acts as a natural filter, creating mountain aquifers that supply nearly all towns and villages in northern Cyprus. Endemic Plants on Limestone Cliffs The limestone cliffs support diverse flora. Cyprus hosts 1,750 native plant species, of which 128 are endemic. The Kyrenia range contains 57 endemic species, concentrated at higher…

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Cyprus Family Social Networks

Cyprus Family Social Networks

In Cyprus, kinship is a social and economic infrastructure, shaping identity, housing, childcare, business decisions, and the way trust is established in everyday life. Extended families often function across multiple homes, keeping resources close through inheritance expectations, shared labour, and rituals that renew obligation and belonging. This article explains how these networks work across communities and the diaspora, why they remain resilient after modernisation and division, and what they still provide when formal systems fall short. Family as the Island’s Social Anchor Cypriot society has long been organised around the household rather than the individual. Historically, survival depended on cooperation between close relatives, particularly in agricultural communities where land, labour, and risk were shared. This produced a culture in which loyalty to family was not optional but essential. What is striking is that this emphasis cuts across communal lines. Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot families, despite religious and linguistic differences, share remarkably similar expectations about kinship. Marriage, inheritance, childcare, and elder care follow parallel logics, revealing a cultural continuity that predates the island’s modern political divisions. Even today, many Cypriots introduce themselves through family references: village of origin, surname, or extended kin connections. These markers still signal trust, reputation, and social positioning. Living Together, Even When Living Apart Although the nuclear family is the standard household unit, the extended family…

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Orthodox Churches in Cyprus Villages

Orthodox Churches in Cyprus Villages

Orthodox churches are among the most defining architectural features of Cypriot villages, often placed at the center of settlements where they function as key reference points for community structure and local identity. In many traditional villages, the main square and surrounding public life historically developed around these buildings, making them both spatial and symbolic anchors of rural organization. These structures range from small rural chapels in remote mountain areas to larger, more elaborate complexes in towns. Their architectural variety reflects centuries of historical development shaped by local needs, available materials, and regional building traditions. Over time, these buildings became closely tied to village identity, marking important points in the social and physical landscape. Early Development and Historical Background The presence of early Christian communities in Cyprus dates back to the 1st century AD, when the island became part of broader Mediterranean religious and administrative networks under Roman rule. According to historical accounts, early figures such as Barnabas and others played a role in establishing organized community structures on the island, contributing to the spread of new belief systems and institutions. Following the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire in 313 AD, church construction expanded significantly across Cyprus. Early buildings were typically simple basilica-style structures built from local stone and timber. As architectural knowledge developed during the Byzantine period, more…

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